OJABA INTEGRATED VETERINARY

Newcastle Disease in Poultry ( Avian pneumoencephalitis, Exotic or velogenic Newcastle disease) By  Patti J. Miller , DVM, PhD, USDA/Agricultural Research Service Content last modified Jan 2014 Newcastle disease is an infection of domestic poultry and other bird species with virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV). It is a worldwide problem that presents primarily as an acute respiratory disease, but depression, nervous manifestations, or diarrhea may be the predominant clinical form. Severity depends on the virulence of the infecting virus and host susceptibility. Occurrence of the disease is reportable and may result in trade restrictions. Etiology and Pathogenesis: NDV, synonymous with avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (PMV-1), is an RNA virus and the most important of the 11 known PMV serotypes as a pathogen for poultry. The original classification of NDV isolates into one of three virulence groups by chicken embryo and chicken inoculation as virulent (velogenic), moderately virulent (

Vitamins are a group of organic compounds that poultry only require in small quantities, but they are essential for normal body functions, growth, and reproduction,  deficiency of one or more vitamins can lead to a number of diseases or syndromes. Vitamins are divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. The water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B vitamins. Poultry can make vitamin C, so there is no dietary requirement established for this vitamin. Vitamin C supplementation is useful when birds are in stress. Vitamin A  is required for normal growth, reproduction and maintenance of epithelial cells in good condition (skin and the linings of the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory tracts). Deficiency causes nutritional roup, characterised by conjunctivitis, oculo-nasal discharge, and eyelids stuck together with thick exudates. In advanced cases necrosis and keratinisation of mucosa of alimentary and respiratory